You are viewing the archive: “Behind The Candelabra”

Hammond On Cannes: A New Day Comes To The Fest As HBO and VOD Movies Compete For Palme d’Or

By PETE HAMMOND | Wednesday May 22, 2013 @ 5:32am PDTTags: Behind The Candelabra, Cannes Film Festival, Cannes Wrap-Up, Only God Forgives, Radius-TWC
Pete Hammond

An HBO film? A VOD movie? Competing for the Palme d’Or, all seriously in one of the last bastions of pure cinema, the Cannes Film Festival‘s main competition? Oui!

With HBO’s Behind The Candelabra and Radius-TWC‘s Ryan Gosling-starrer Only God Forgives from Cannes darling Nicolas Winding Refn, a new day — and date — has dawned here. And in all these cases, huge movie stars who might not have considered anything but a traditional theatrical release and all the trimmings that go with that are suddenly here with projects that — while also possibly traveling the theatrical route, too — will simultaneously, or even first, be seen on smaller screens. This might have been considered sacreligious in the Cannes of old, but in this ever-changing film industry it’s the way of the future, at least partially.

HBO made a big splash Tuesday night with its extremely well-received Steven Soderbergh-directed movie Behind The Candelabra, the story of a very closeted Liberace and his relationship with a young man that has become one of the best-reviewed films here. Its Oscar-winning stars Michael Douglas and Matt Damon hit the Palais Grand Theatre’s red carpet, won raves and immediate awards talk here, even though one person said of the film’s Palme d’Or chances, “I can’t imagine Cannes giving an award to an HBO movie”. Really? Well, who could have imagined Cannes, a few years ago, actually embracing HBO and letting it compete at the big table which is exactly what Candelabra is doing. Many observers here think Douglas is in fact the frontrunner for the Best Actor prize for his uncanny portrayal of the uber-flamboyant Liberace. I would go as far to say that Douglas and Damon, who plays his young lover Scott Thorson (the man who wrote the expose upon which the film is based), would easily have been nominated for Oscars had this gone theatrical instead of cable in America (it will be in theaters internationally). Instead the film, which HBO begins airing Sunday in the U.S., and its stars will just have to settle for sweeping the Emmys, as it most likely will do. That it also represents what Steven Soderbergh says is his final film for the foreseeable future could actually increase his Palme d’Or chances in my view, perhaps as a message that he shouldn’t quit so soon. How ironic that no major studio or distributor wanted the film when it was initially pitched. But HBO jumped at the chance. Douglas for one is extremely grateful. He even had to hold back tears and got very choked up trying to thank his colleagues during the Cannes press conference yesterday for waiting for him while he underwent his cancer treatments.

So as their movie hits TV screens in America, could Soderbergh or his film be winning a prize in Cannes the same day? Stranger things have happened, but that would be a first. READ MORE »

Comments (7)

Cannes: Fleming Q&A With Steven Soderbergh: Retirement, Liberace, Legacy

By MIKE FLEMING JR | Tuesday May 21, 2013 @ 10:46am PDTTags: Behind The Candelabra, Cannes Film Festival, Cannes Wrap-Up, Steven Soderbergh
Mike Fleming

Steven Soderbergh tonight unveils what he says is his final feature film Behind The Candelabra. The film explores the secret father/son/lover relationship between Liberace (Michael Douglas) and his valet Scott Thorson. It’s playing in competition here at Cannes, even though HBO will premiere it in the U.S. on Sunday before it gets a traditional overseas theatrical release. If that seems complex, it fits Soderbergh, a true maverick who has always been up for putting himself on the line for disruptive, groundbreaking fare. That began with sex, lies, and videotape. The movie won the Audience Award at Sundance and the Palme d’Or at Cannes before grossing nearly $25 million in 1989 and earning him an original screenplay Oscar nom. It is viewed as the picture that turned indie film into a viable business. “He is the father of this movement,” said Harvey Weinstein, who distributed the film. “Before him, there was no independent movie that did more than $5 million. This was the one that went out, almost wide, in the summer — where they said these films could not play — and broke the art house ghetto.” An Oscar (for directing Traffic) later, and a career that spanned every genre and enterprising release strategy (he aroused the ire of theater owners by road testing the day-and-date release platform that is now a Sundance deal staple), the 50-year-old Soderbergh talks with Deadline about Behind The Candelabra, indie economics and more.

Related: Steven Soderbergh’s State Of Cinema Talk

DEADLINE:  All week, I’ve heard people here debate whether Michael Douglas and Matt Damon will lose possible Oscar nominations because the film plays first on HBO, before a more traditional international theatrical rollout. You intended it originally to be an indie feature. Explain the gyrations that ended up with this unusual release strategy.
SODERBERGH: We were trying to get the last $5 million to finish it off. The movie cost $22 million and change. We’d raised $18 million foreign and we just needed this piece. Superficially it would seem like a no-brainer, but when you look at the realities of the economics of putting a movie into wide release, you have to gross $65 million-$75 million just to get out. People just didn’t have that appetite for this kind of material.

DEADLINE: How different were things back when you conceived it as an indie and took several years to get to it and get a script by Richard LaGravanese?
SODERBERGH: There’s no question in my mind that if it had been five years earlier that we’d probably would have gotten it. But the pressure has gotten so extreme. I talk to people at the studios about it all the time. Somebody told me last week that they are doing a better job controlling movie costs but that marketing costs keep moving at a trajectory faster than everything else. Another terrifying thing is, you used to be able to bank on stars. If you had certain elements in a certain kind of movie, you could bank on doing X. Now you are guaranteed nothing. Read More »

Comments (9)

Hammond On Cannes: Festival Kicks Off With Most Anticipated Slate In Years

By PETE HAMMOND | Tuesday May 14, 2013 @ 9:48am PDTTags: Alexander Payne, Behind The Candelabra, Cannes Wrap-Up, HBO, Inside Llewyn Davis, Martin Scorsese, Matt Damon, Michael Douglas, Nebraska, Robert Redford, Steven Spielberg, The Coen Brothers, The Great Gatsby, Thierry Fremaux
Pete Hammond

After two years in a row of heavily influencing the Oscar race, the 66th Cannes Film Festival lineup may make it three this year. Certainly I see very long and winding Croisette lines to pick up press or market credentials at the Palais, which is adorned with posters of Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward in a provocative still shot from their fluffy France-set 1963 comedy A New Kind Of Love. One early clue came when the jury was announced, beginning with President Steven Spielberg and including such Oscar winners as Ang Lee, Nicole Kidman and Christoph Waltz. And if it’s not enough to have those icons prominent at this year’s fest, add The Great Gatsby‘s Baz Lurhmann whose film is the opening night event with a gala after-party, and Martin Scorsese who will also be in town for a yacht party announcement of his longtime gestating directorial effort Silence on May 16th. Certainly many of the Cannes contenders both in and out of competition are from Academy Award winners and Cannes veterans back with intriguing films that make up a high profile and potent selection with advance buzz.  Competing are the Coen Brothers, Steven Soderbergh, Roman Polanski and Alexander Payne plus a slew of famous names in front of the cameras both on screen and on the Red Carpet this year.

Related: Fleming: Can Sizzle Reels Make Sizzling Deals This Year?

As for the competition and key sidebars, one perennial Cannes question os whether it’s a good idea to ready or even rush a film designed for year-end release in order to play at the Festival in May. Particularly of that means risking negative reviews which can be a real buzz killer. Take, for instance, Payne’s last minute entry Nebraska from Paramount, which almost didn’t appear here. In the initial forecast Deadline posted on March 13, we thought Payne’s film fit in with the auteurist nature of the fest, it’s in black and white, and its filmmaker is quite a favorite in Cannes. (He has had only one film previously in competition – 2002′s About Schmidt – and won no prize, but he not only headed the jury for Un Certain Regard in 2005 but also was a member of the main competition jury last year.) Yet shortly after this prediction I was told Cannes wasn’t in the cards due to Payne’s fondness for long post-production time. He didn’t want to be rushed. Then the studio saw the film about a week before the Cannes deadline and execs urged Payne to put it into the festival. He took Nebraska to Paris to show to Cannes programming honcho Thierry Fremaux with just two days to go before the press conference announcing the 2013 lineup. Now it is one of the most anticipated screenings even though it ooccurs towards the end of the Festival on May 23. Paramount claims  it recently had a successful research screening in Pasadena and has dated the film for November 22nd, right in the heart of Oscar season (Payne is a two-time Screenwriting Oscar winner for Sideways and The Descendants).

Conversely there was absolutely no doubt Joel and Ethan Coen would be bringing their latest, the 1960′s-set Greenwich Village folk music tale Inside Llewyn Davis screening on May 19. It is their 8th time around this particular block so they are virtually Cannes regulars. CBS Films won’t release the movie stateside until December 6, another prime Oscar date.

Roman Polanski’s Venus In Fur screening on May 25 on the last day of competition is the adaptation of the Tony-winning Broadway play. It brings Polanski back to Cannes for the first time since winning his only Palme d’Or (for 2003′s The Pianist, which resulted in a Best Director Oscar). It stars  his wife Emmanuelle Seigner and Mathieu Almarac and though audiences and critics weren’t too impressed with the last Polanski Broadway play adaptation God Of Carnage, this dramatic work could be more up his alley. There’s also strong interest in French director  Arnaud Desplechin’s Jimmy P: Psychotherapy Of A Plains Indian screening May 18 largely due to lead actor Benecio Del Toro’s role as a Blackfoot Indian WWII vet. (But someone’s gotta change that lumbering title.) Cannes watchers also are buzzing about new works from three directors who are no strangers on the Croisette: Nicolas Winding Refn who won Best Director in Cannes for 2011′s Drive and has re-teamed with star Ryan Gosling as a drug smuggler in the May 22nd entry Only God Forgives. (I am told Kristin Scott Thomas steals this one as his mother). And though his films don’t make much noise in theatres, James Gray is a Cannes favorite  and back with his fourth competition entry, The Immigrant (formerly called Lowlife) screening May 24th with a starry cast of Marion Cotillard, Joaquin Phoenix and Jeremy Renner. Jim Jarmusch brings his new Vampire story Only Lovers Left Alive which stars the always intriguing Tilda Swinton, Tom Hiddleston and Mia Wasikowska . It has the distinction of being the last film to make the list and the last competition film to be screened: in the 10 PM slot on May 25th.

As always with Cannes there is just too damn much to see with many sidebar competitions like Un Certain Regard, Director’s Fortnight, Critics Week, Cannes Classics and so on. Certainly the opener for Un Certain Regard, Sofia Coppola’s The Bling Ring and Ryan Coogler’s Sundance sensation Fruitvale Station (summer releases stateside) are both screening on the sidebar’s first day of May 16th and are instant must-sees in addition to James Franco’s directorial outing, As I Lay Dying, on May 20th.

Read More »

Comments (1)

Cannes Analysis: Veterans And Newcomers Mix It Up In Official Selection

By NANCY TARTAGLIONE, International Editor | Thursday April 18, 2013 @ 10:23am PDTTags: Behind The Candelabra, Cannes Film Festival, Nebraska

A lot of the buzz coming into today’s unveiling of the Cannes Film Festival’s 2013 Official Selection was spot on, although there were a handful of curveballs in the mix. One exec said to me after the announcement, “It’s a wise and balanced selection” that deals with the “eternal problem of how you recognize the talent of directors who are in a league of their own and deserve their spot, and how you open up to newcomers.” There’s a blend of the two this year with potentially more to come as further titles will be added once the Directors’ Fortnight and Critics’ Week sidebars announce their lineups Monday and Tuesday. As I noted last week, the studios will have a muted presence in Cannes. Warner Bros is represented with opener The Great Gatsby, and it was confirmed today that Paramount’s Alexander Payne pic Nebraska will run in Competition.

Related: Cannes: Full Lists Of The Festival’s 66th Official Selection

Payne’s black-and-white father/son drama had recently been tipped to head for the fall circuit, but instead fest chief Thierry Frémaux said today that he’d seen it “48 hours ago” and announced its inclusion. FilmNation is handling international. This is Payne’s second time to the big party after 2002’s About Schmidt (although he was in Un Certain Regard as part of omnibus Paris, Je T’Aime in 2006). In a widely expected move, Joel and Ethan Coen’s Inside Llewyn Davis showed up on the Competition roster. They won the Palme d’Or in 1991 for Barton Fink. CBS Films picked up Llewyn Davis in February and StudioCanal, which financed, is selling international.

Related:
Cannes: Recapping The Official Selection Buzz Ahead Of Thursday’s Unveiling
Cannes: Let The Selection Buzz Begin
Cannes: Weinsteins’ ‘Grace Of Monaco’ To Screen Footage

A reluctant Steven Soderbergh was convinced by Frémaux to move to the Competition with Behind The Candelabra after originally saying he’d prefer another slot. Frémaux remarked today that Soderbergh is known for his particularly laconic emails and after the fest director wrote a diatribe on why he should accept a competition berth, Soderbergh responded by email with a simple “Yes.” It’s a nice bookend for Soderbergh, whose first film, Sex, Lies And Videotape, won the Palme d’Or in 1989 and since he has said Candelabra will be his last film before retirement. The movie debuts on HBO in late May and HBO Enterprises is selling overseas. Two films that were expected for the competition but ended up in official Out of Competition slots are Guillaume Canet’s ensemble drama Blood Ties and J.C. Chandor’s All Is Lost. The latter stars Robert Redford, who Frémaux confirmed would be in Cannes. That pic is getting an October 25 release in the U.S. via Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions. Read More »

Comments (2)

Cannes: Recapping The Official Selection Buzz Ahead Of Thursday’s Unveiling

By NANCY TARTAGLIONE AND PETE HAMMOND | Wednesday April 17, 2013 @ 4:27pm PDTTags: All Is Lost, Behind The Candelabra, Cannes Film Festival, Inside Llewyn Davis, The Bling Ring

Cannes 2013 Lineup PredictionsA little over a month ago, we pulled together our primer for what films we might see in the Cannes Film Festival’s official selection this year. The festival’s Thierry Frémaux will announce the bulk of his picks Thursday morning in Paris — he usually leaves a few surprises for later. Nothing is confirmed until he unveils the lineup, although the fest threw a curveball by announcing late Wednesday night French time that Sofia Coppola’s The Bling Ring would open the Un Certain Regard sidebar; it had indeed been expected to figure somewhere in the mix. Below is a recap and update on the possibilities to make the final cut, or not, in an official category.

Related:
Cannes: Let The Selection Buzz Begin
Cannes: Weinsteins’ ‘Grace Of Monaco’ To Screen Footage

Among titles considered near shoo-ins are the Coen brothers’ Inside Llewyn Davis and Nicolas Winding Refn’s Only God Forgives. The Coens are Cannes favorites who haven’t been in competition since 2007’s No Country For Old Men. Winding-Refn won the Cannes directing prize in 2011 with Drive and there is a lot of heat on this Thailand-set follow-up which reteams him with Drive‘s Ryan Gosling.

As for other English-language films, J.C. Chandor’s All Is Lost, a man vs. nature drama we hear boasts a tour de force performance from Robert Redford, continues to have strong buzz. Guillaume Canet’s Blood Ties starring Marion Cotillard, Clive Owen, Zoe Saldana and Mila Kunis is another that’s mentioned quite a bit as is James Gray’s Lowlife, which also stars Cotillard. If Jim Jarmusch landed a slot with vampire movie Only Lovers Left Alive as is tipped, it would mark his 10th time in selection. French helmer Arnaud Desplechin’s Jimmy Picard with Benicio Del Toro and Mathieu Amalric, and based on the George Devereux book Psychotherapy Of A Plains Indian, is another we hear about with more frequency. Steven Soderbergh’s HBO Liberace movie Behind The Candelabra looks destined for a special berth. Read More »

Comments (3)

Hot TV Trailer: ‘Behind The Candelabra’

By THE DEADLINE TEAM | Tuesday April 9, 2013 @ 1:58pm PDTTags: Behind The Candelabra, HBO Films, Matt Damon, Michael Douglas

The full trailer for Steven Soderbergh’s Behind The Candelabra: The Secret Life Of Liberace has dropped and it’s quite a vision. It’s full of glitz, glamour, dazzling piano-playing and Matt Damon screaming “I don’t even have my own face”! Michael Douglas is set as the famed pianist … Read More »

Comments 29

Hot TV Teaser: ‘Behind The Candelabra’

By NANCY TARTAGLIONE, International Editor | Monday April 1, 2013 @ 1:26am PDTTags: Behind The Candelabra, HBO, Michael Douglas, Steven Soderbergh

The first teaser for Steven Soderbergh‘s Behind The Candelabra: The Secret Life Of Liberace was a real tease, indeed — offering only a jazzy credits roll and a series of falling piano keys. This one, which dropped over the weekend, pulls back the curtain … Read More »

Comments (10)

Cannes: Let The Selection Buzz Begin

By NANCY TARTAGLIONE AND PETE HAMMOND | Wednesday March 13, 2013 @ 3:09pm PDTTags: Behind The Candelabra, Cannes Film Festival, Inside Llewyn Davis, The Bling Ring, Twelve Years A Slave

Now that the Cannes Film Festival has announced Steven Spielberg as jury president and Baz Luhrmann’s The Great Gatsby as the curtain raiser, speculation as to what the 66th running of the event holds in store will continue to mount until the mid-April press conference that officially unveils the lineup. Gatsby was pretty much a no-brainer what with its local May 15 release date falling on the day the fest kicks off and its story based on the classic novel F. Scott Fitzgerald completed in Valescure, less than 100 kilometers from the Palais. Folks are excited since arguably the most memorable Cannes opening night in the past 12 years — we were there — was with Luhrmann’s 2001 Moulin Rouge. (It’s also a nice dovetail for fest chief Thierry Frémaux: The first film he ever selected for Cannes was Moulin Rouge.) But, we can put to rest speculation about another movie with a subject close to the South of France gracing the Croisette: We understand that Grace Of Monaco, the biopic about the actress-turned-princess played by Nicole Kidman, directed by Olivier Dahan and recently acquired by The Weinstein Company, will not be making a Cannes run. Further, we’ve confirmed that Lars von Trier — a persona non grata at the 2011 fest for his Nazi-flavored comments — will not be ready with Nymphomaniac, the four-hour sex-o-rama that sold like hotcakes in Berlin. We also understand that J.J. Abrams’ Star Trek: Into Darkness, once thought a possibility for an Out Of Competition slot, is not coming. And, despite Pedro Almodovar’s almost given place on the Croisette, we’ve heard his I’m So Excited is also unlikely to appear at the Palais.

But let’s forget about what’s not going and focus on all the films we might see. We’re consistently hearing that this year will include “the usual suspects” in official selection. The Coen brothers’ Inside Llewyn Davis is a strong possibility – CBS Films just acquired the pic which screened on the Sony lot in late February, although Frémaux said he had not yet seen the film as of his trip to the Oscars last month. Llewyn Davis doesn’t have a release date in the U.S. yet, and its French release, via StudioCanal, is in December, but it’s worth recalling that the Coens’ No Country For Old Men bowed in Cannes in 2007 and wasn’t released Stateside until November that year before going on to win the Best Picture Oscar.

Also ripe is Sofia Coppola’s young Hollywood robbers tale The Bling Ring, for which upstart distributor A24 has set a June 14 U.S. release. Pathé is releasing in France on June 5, just a couple weeks after the fest wraps. The addition of Coppola to the roster could help calm the naysayers last year who complained there were no female directors in the main lineup. Another female director who could make the cut is Kelly Reichardt with Night Moves, starring Dakota Fanning, Peter Sarsgaard and Jesse Eisenberg, about environmentalists who plot to blow up a dam. Read More »

Comments (13)

Hot TV Teaser: ‘Behind The Candelabra’

By THE DEADLINE TEAM | Monday March 4, 2013 @ 4:38pm PSTTags: Behind The Candelabra, HBO, Michael Douglas, Steven Soderbergh

Steven Soderbergh‘s Liberace pic debuts May 26 on HBO, taking a look at the famed pianist (played by Michael Douglas) and his life with lover Scott Thorson (played by Matt Damon). But while Soderbergh & Co. gave journalists a preview at the … Read More »

Comments (7)

Berlin: Steven Soderbergh On ‘Side Effects’ And The “Twilight” Of His Career

By NANCY TARTAGLIONE, International Editor | Tuesday February 12, 2013 @ 8:15am PSTTags: Behind The Candelabra, Berlin Film Festival, Side Effects, Steven Soderbergh

Steven Soderbergh‘s Side Effects opened last Friday in the States courtesy of Open Road and starts its international rollout with tonight’s Berlin competition screening. The director, Rooney Mara, Jude Law and scripter Scott Z. Burns are all in town for support. Channing Tatum and Catherine Zeta-Jones also star in the film about a successful New York couple (Mara and Tatum) whose world unravels when she begins taking a new drug prescribed by her psychiatrist (Law). It’s a thriller in the Hitchcockian sense that employs plot-twists and surprises set against the background of intersecting themes of psychology, psychopharmacology and the law.

This is Soderbergh’s fifth appearance in Berlin, “More than any other festival I’ve ever been to,” he said at a press conference this afternoon. It will also be his last for a while. The director is famously headed for an early retirement – or as he called it today, “a break” – after this film. (Although he still has his Liberace biopic Behind The Candelabra to air on HBO.) Asked why he chose to go the potboiler route before bowing out he said, “I just liked the idea of making a thriller as I near the twilight of my career.” He added that he’d been inspired by making Ché back in 2008. “However long this break ends up being, I wanted the last few things I was doing to be fun to make and to watch. Coming out the other end of Ché really made me want to have more fun.” Read More »

Comments (14)

Michael Douglas, Matt Damon, Steven Soderbergh & Jerry Weintraub On HBO’s ‘Behind The Candelabra’: TCA

By THE DEADLINE TEAM | Friday January 4, 2013 @ 6:06pm PSTTags: Behind The Candelabra, HBO, Matt Damon, Michael Douglas, TCA

Diane Haithman is contributing to Deadline’s TCA coverage.

At today’s TCA panel on HBO’s Liberace drama Behind The Candelabra, the creative forces behind the project stressed that they are attempting to get at the humanity rather than just the camp-and-glam elements of the lives of Liberace (portrayed by Michael Douglas) and his younger live-in lover Scott Thorson (Matt Damon). The actors appeared on today’s panel with director Steven Soderbergh and executive producer Jerry Weintraub.

Soderbergh said he was drawn to the source material, Thorson’s book Behind The Candelabra: My Life With Liberace, written with Alex Thorleifson. The story was adapted for TV by screenwriter Richard LaGravenese. In the book, Soderbergh said, “the conversations are the kind that every couple has. It’s an unusual setting, but we take the relationship seriously.” Read More »

Comments (8)

Michael Douglas And Matt Damon In ‘Behind The Candelabra’: Photo

By THE DEADLINE TEAM | Tuesday July 31, 2012 @ 12:54pm PDTTags: Behind The Candelabra, HBO, Matt Damon, Michael Douglas

Michael Douglas Liberace Matt Damon
ABC News has a set photo from HBO‘s Liberace biopic Behind The Candelabra, which stars Michael Douglas as the famed pianist and Matt Damon as his longtime partner Scott Thorson. Steven … Read More »

Comments (10)

Erik Palladino Upped To Regular On ‘666 Park Ave’, Paul Reiser Joins HBO’s Liberace Biopic, Bobby Campo To ‘Being Human’

By NELLIE ANDREEVA | Friday June 29, 2012 @ 8:44am PDTTags: 666 Park Ave, Behind The Candelabra, Paul Reiser
Nellie Andreeva

EXCLUSIVE: ER alum Erik Palladino is set as a regular on ABC’s upcoming supernatural drama series 666 Park Ave. after appearing in the pilot as a guest star. He plays Tony DeMeo, a doorman at The Drake, the spooky Manhattan apartment building at the center of the show.

Paul Reiser has joined the cast of HBO’s Liberace biopic Behind The Candelabra, directed by Steven Soderberg and toplined by Michael Douglas as Liberace and Matt Damon as his longtime partner Scott Thorson. The former Mad About You star will play Mr. Felder, Thorson’s attorney. Reiser is repped by ICM Partners, New Wave and attorney Jeff Finkelstein. Also cast in the movie is Pat Asanti, who will play the pianist’s brother George. Asanti is repped by KSR Talent and Discover management. Read More »

Comments (3)

Rob Lowe Playing Liberace’s Plastic Surgeon In HBO Tale

By MIKE FLEMING JR | Wednesday June 13, 2012 @ 5:31pm PDTTags: Behind The Candelabra, HBO, Rob Lowe, Steven Soderbergh
Mike Fleming

Rob Lowe is in talks to play Liberace’s plastic surgeon in Behind The Candelabra, the Steven Soderbergh-directed film for HBO that stars Michael Douglas as Liberace and Matt Damon as his young limo driver and live-in lover Scott Thorson in … Read More »

Comments (6)